{"id":778,"date":"2017-06-20T17:11:47","date_gmt":"2017-06-20T15:11:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.dejmezenamsanci.cz\/?p=778"},"modified":"2017-08-18T11:29:12","modified_gmt":"2017-08-18T09:29:12","slug":"ceska-republika-se-jako-41-zeme-pripojila-k-istanbulske-umluve-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.dejmezenamsanci.cz\/en\/ceska-republika-se-jako-41-zeme-pripojila-k-istanbulske-umluve-2\/","title":{"rendered":"\u010cesk\u00e1 republika se jako 41. zem\u011b p\u0159ipojila k Istanbulsk\u00e9 \u00famluv\u011b"},"content":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in CZ<\/a>.<\/p>

\u010cesk\u00e1 republika podpis Istanbulsk\u00e9 \u00famluvy ji\u017e n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t avizovala a n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t odsunula, a\u017e to za\u010d\u00ednalo vypadat, \u017ee k n\u011bmu nikdy nedojde. Ne\u010dekan\u00e9 se v\u0161ak stalo skutkem \u2013 JUDr. Emil Ruffer, velvyslanec \u010cR p\u0159i Rad\u011b Evropy, stvrdil v pond\u011bl\u00ed 2. kv\u011btna sv\u00fdm podpisem p\u0159ipojen\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky k \u00damluv\u011b Rady Evropy o prevenci a pot\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed v\u016f\u010di \u017een\u00e1m a dom\u00e1c\u00edho n\u00e1sil\u00ed (zkr\u00e1cen\u011b Istanbulsk\u00e1 \u00famluva). Ratifikace by m\u011bla prob\u011bhnout do poloviny roku 2018.<\/em><\/p>\n

Istanbulsk\u00e1 \u00famluva se komplexn\u011b zab\u00fdv\u00e1 t\u00e9matem n\u00e1sil\u00ed na \u017een\u00e1ch, nebo chcete-li genderov\u011b podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fdm n\u00e1sil\u00edm.<\/p>\n

V souvislosti s term\u00ednem n\u00e1sil\u00ed na \u017een\u00e1ch doch\u00e1zelo je\u0161t\u011b doned\u00e1vna ke st\u0159et\u016fm nejen mezi neziskov\u00fdmi organizacemi a st\u00e1tn\u00edmi institucemi, ale i mezi samotn\u00fdmi organizacemi. Argument byl v\u017edy jednozna\u010dn\u00fd \u2013 n\u00e1sil\u00ed na \u017een\u00e1ch p\u0159ece pat\u0159\u00ed do oblasti dom\u00e1c\u00edho n\u00e1sil\u00ed, pro\u010d je z n\u00ed tedy vymezovat. St\u00e1t k probl\u00e9mu p\u0159istupoval velmi podobn\u011b.<\/p>\n

Jak se vyv\u00edjel postoj \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky k \u00famluv\u011b?<\/h3>\n

Ihned pot\u00e9, co byla v roce 2011 po jedn\u00e1n\u00edch v Turecku \u00famluva p\u0159ijata, apelovala na jej\u00ed p\u0159ijet\u00ed na jedn\u00e1n\u00ed poslaneck\u00e9 sn\u011bmovny poslankyn\u011b Dana V\u00e1halov\u00e1. Tehdej\u0161\u00ed p\u0159edseda vl\u00e1dy Petr Ne\u010das na to reagoval t\u00edm, \u017ee \u010cesk\u00e1 republika byla jednou ze dvou zem\u00ed, kter\u00e1 z\u00e1sadn\u011b prosazovala neutr\u00e1ln\u00ed text \u00famluvy. Ostatn\u011b za jeho p\u016fsoben\u00ed byly \u017eensk\u00e9 organizace ozna\u010dovan\u00e9 za extr\u00e9mistick\u00e9 a jako takov\u00e9 je nen\u00ed mo\u017en\u00e9 financovat ze st\u00e1tn\u00edho rozpo\u010dtu. A toto jeho prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed bylo dokonce publikov\u00e1no na webov\u00fdch str\u00e1nk\u00e1ch ministerstva pr\u00e1ce a soci\u00e1ln\u00edch v\u011bc\u00ed. Stejn\u00fd pohled prov\u00e1zel \u00famluvu d\u00e1le. V obdob\u00ed, kdy ministerstvo spravedlnosti hodnotilo \u00famluvu z pohledu \u010desk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1va, se znovu objevuje \u00fadiv nad zam\u011b\u0159en\u00edm \u00famluvy. Posuzovali ji bohu\u017eel op\u011bt lid\u00e9, kter\u00e9 se v t\u00e9matu neorientuj\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P\u0159i jedn\u00e1n\u00ed vl\u00e1dy ve v\u011bci \u00famluvy se objevovali velice ostr\u00e9 v\u00fdhrady nap\u0159\u00edklad z \u00fast m\u00edstop\u0159edsedy vl\u00e1dy pro v\u011bdu, v\u00fdzkum a inovace Pavla B\u011blobr\u00e1dka s apelem na nep\u0159istoupen\u00ed.<\/p>\n

To u\u017e je na\u0161t\u011bst\u00ed histori\u00ed, nyn\u00ed bude nutn\u00e9 za\u010d\u00edt pracovat na konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch kroc\u00edch pot\u0159ebn\u00fdch k ratifikaci.<\/p>\n

Poj\u010fme se pod\u00edvat na to, co je Istanbulsk\u00e1 \u00famluva a jak pom\u016f\u017ee \u017een\u00e1m<\/p>\n

\u00damluva je zalo\u017eena na p\u0159edpokladu, \u017ee n\u00e1sil\u00ed p\u00e1chan\u00e9 na \u017een\u00e1ch je forma \u201egenderov\u011b\u201c podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho n\u00e1sil\u00ed, a v tomto sm\u011bru nenech\u00e1v\u00e1 nikoho na pochyb\u00e1ch: nem\u016f\u017ee existovat \u017e\u00e1dn\u00e1 skute\u010dn\u00e1 rovnost mezi \u017eenami a mu\u017ei, pokud \u017eeny za\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed zalo\u017een\u00e9 na rozd\u00edlech pohlav\u00ed a st\u00e1tn\u00ed organizace a instituce d\u011blaj\u00ed, \u017ee to nevid\u00ed. \u00damluva pova\u017euje n\u00e1sil\u00ed v\u016f\u010di \u017een\u00e1m za poru\u0161en\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v a za formu diskriminace.<\/p>\n

Istanbulsk\u00e1 \u00famluva je nejobs\u00e1hlej\u0161\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed dohodou zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se t\u00edmto z\u00e1va\u017en\u00fdm aspektem poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v. Jedn\u00e1 se o n\u00e1stroj mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va, kter\u00fd se pro signat\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd st\u00e1t st\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1vazn\u00fdm, nen\u00ed to tedy pouh\u00e1 nez\u00e1vazn\u00e1 deklarace (jedn\u00e1 se tedy o tzv. \u201ehard law\u201c, nikoli \u201esoft law\u201c na poli mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edho pr\u00e1va ve\u0159ejn\u00e9ho).<\/p>\n

\u00damluva sm\u011b\u0159uje k nulov\u00e9 toleranci n\u00e1sil\u00ed p\u00e1chan\u00e9ho na \u017een\u00e1ch. Smyslem \u00famluvy je prevence tohoto n\u00e1sil\u00ed, ochrana jeho ob\u011bt\u00ed a st\u00edh\u00e1n\u00ed pachatel\u016f. \u00damluva se v podstat\u011b sna\u017e\u00ed o ur\u010ditou zm\u011bnu spole\u010dnosti, o posun ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m my\u0161len\u00ed, kter\u00e9 by m\u011blo formy n\u00e1sil\u00ed p\u00e1chan\u00e9ho na \u017een\u00e1ch odsuzovat a d\u00e1le jej netolerovat. C\u00edlem je tedy podpo\u0159it faktickou rovnost mezi pohlav\u00edmi, \u00famluva tak\u00e9 vyz\u00fdv\u00e1 mu\u017ee a chlapce ke zm\u011bn\u011b jejich postoj\u016f a sm\u00fd\u0161len\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Jedn\u00e1 se o prvn\u00ed mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed smlouvu obsahuj\u00edc\u00ed definici pohlav\u00ed. Pro \u017eeny a mu\u017ee neplat\u00ed pouze biologicky dan\u00e9 rozli\u0161en\u00ed, n\u00fdbr\u017e existuje i spole\u010densky konstruovan\u00e1 kategorie pohlav\u00ed. V\u00fdzkumy prok\u00e1zaly, \u017ee ur\u010dit\u00e9 role a modely chov\u00e1n\u00ed mohou v\u00e9st k tomu, \u017ee n\u00e1sil\u00ed v\u016f\u010di \u017een\u00e1m je v ur\u010dit\u00fdch spole\u010dnostech pova\u017eov\u00e1no za (v\u00edce) p\u0159ijateln\u00e9. \u00damluva p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm zav\u00e1d\u00ed soubor definic trestn\u00fdch \u010din\u016f, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad mrza\u010den\u00ed \u017eensk\u00e9ho genit\u00e1lu, vynucen\u00fd s\u0148atek, nebezpe\u010dn\u00e9 pron\u00e1sledov\u00e1n\u00ed, vynucen\u00e1 sterilizace, nucen\u00fd potrat atd. P\u0159ijet\u00edm jednotn\u00fdch definic se harmonizuje trestn\u00ed pr\u00e1vo v jednotliv\u00fdch st\u00e1tech. N\u011bkter\u00e9 trestn\u00e9 \u010diny ji\u017e jednotliv\u00e9 pr\u00e1vn\u00ed \u00fapravy zn\u00e1t mohou, jin\u00e9 v\u0161ak p\u0159edstavuj\u00ed nov\u00e9 skutkov\u00e9 podstaty. Jejich kriminalizace je takt\u00e9\u017e jednou z cest zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed ochrany ob\u011bt\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed p\u00e1chan\u00e9ho na \u017een\u00e1ch. St\u00e1ty tak budou poprv\u00e9 povinny zabudovat tyto trestn\u00e9 \u010diny do sv\u00fdch pr\u00e1vn\u00edch syst\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n

A kone\u010dn\u011b, jako n\u00e1stroj Rady Evropy, region\u00e1ln\u00ed organizace zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se ochranou lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v, c\u00edl\u00ed \u00damluva na dosa\u017een\u00ed vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed \u00farovn\u011b ochrany lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v v jednotliv\u00fdch zem\u00edch a nastolen\u00ed ur\u010dit\u00e9ho alespo\u0148 z\u00e1kladn\u00edho standardu ochrany lidsk\u00fdch pr\u00e1v v t\u011bchto zem\u00edch pro \u017eeny a d\u00edvky.<\/p>\n

Jak\u00e1 je situace v \u010cR, co se n\u00e1sil\u00ed na \u017een\u00e1ch t\u00fd\u010de?<\/h3>\n

V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice je nedostate\u010dn\u00e1 pomoc a podpora pro ob\u011bti zn\u00e1siln\u011bn\u00ed. Chyb\u00ed specializovan\u00e1 centra, kter\u00e1 by poskytovala bezplatnou komplexn\u00ed psychologickou a pr\u00e1vn\u00ed pomoc ob\u011btem. Existuje tu vysok\u00e1 latence zn\u00e1siln\u011bn\u00ed, kter\u00e1 nen\u00ed nikdy \u0159e\u0161ena. V \u010cR jsou \u00fa\u0159edn\u011b zaznamen\u00e1na 1 \u2013 2 zn\u00e1siln\u011bn\u00ed denn\u011b \u2013 p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 se, \u017ee zn\u00e1siln\u011bn\u00ed je hl\u00e1\u0161eno pouze v 8 % p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f (a zn\u00e1sil\u0148ov\u00e1n\u00ed, ke kter\u00e9mu doch\u00e1z\u00ed v r\u00e1mci rodiny a partnerstv\u00ed, je hl\u00e1\u0161eno pouze ve 3 % p\u0159\u00edpad\u016f). Podle \u00fadaj\u016f Sv\u011btov\u00e9 banky je mezi \u017een\u00e1mi ve v\u011bku 15 \u2013 44 let n\u00e1sil\u00ed nej\u010dast\u011bj\u0161\u00edm d\u016fvodem smrti nebo z\u00e1va\u017en\u00e9ho posti\u017een\u00ed, hroz\u00ed jim \u010dast\u011bji zn\u00e1siln\u011bn\u00ed a dom\u00e1c\u00ed n\u00e1sil\u00ed ne\u017e rakovina, dopravn\u00ed nehody, v\u00e1lky a mal\u00e1rie (gener\u00e1ln\u00ed tajemn\u00edk OSN, 2008: Kampa\u0148 Sjednoceni v \u00fasil\u00ed ukon\u010dit n\u00e1sil\u00ed p\u00e1chan\u00e9 na \u017een\u00e1ch).<\/p>\n

Dle aktu\u00e1ln\u00edho v\u00fdzkumu proFem\/Mind Bridge Consulting (rok 2015) osobn\u00edm dotazov\u00e1n\u00edm mezi 3000 respondentkami vyplynulo, \u017ee ob\u011bt\u00ed dom\u00e1c\u00edho n\u00e1sil\u00ed v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice se stalo 27,7 % \u017een ve v\u011bkov\u00e9 skupin\u011b 18 let a star\u0161\u00edch. Po propo\u010dtu na celou populaci tento pod\u00edl odpov\u00edd\u00e1 p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 1,232 milion\u016fm \u017een z celkov\u00e9ho po\u010dtu 4,449 milion\u016f \u017een ve v\u011bku 18 let a star\u0161\u00edch.<\/p>\n

O ostatn\u00edch form\u00e1ch genderov\u011b podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00e9ho n\u00e1sil\u00ed \u00fadaje chyb\u00ed.<\/p>\n

Co podpis a ratifikace v praxi znamen\u00e1 a jak\u00e9 jsou jej\u00ed praktick\u00e9 dopady?<\/h3>\n

Po ratifikaci Istanbulsk\u00e9 \u00famluvy bude \u010cesk\u00e1 Republika v\u00e1z\u00e1na mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed smlouvou. Proto\u017ee se jedn\u00e1 o mezin\u00e1rodn\u00ed smlouvu upravuj\u00edc\u00ed pr\u00e1va a povinnosti osob, je t\u0159eba k jej\u00ed ratifikaci souhlasu obou komor Parlamentu (viz \u010dl. 49 \u00dastavy \u010cR). Okam\u017eikem vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed Istanbulsk\u00e9 \u00famluvy se pr\u00e1vn\u00ed normy v n\u00ed obsa\u017een\u00e9 st\u00e1vaj\u00ed sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho pr\u00e1vn\u00edho \u0159\u00e1du a v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b, \u017ee by \u010desk\u00fd z\u00e1kon ur\u010dit\u00e9mu ustanoven\u00ed \u00famluvy odporoval, m\u011bla by p\u0159ednost \u00faprava obsa\u017een\u00e1 v Istanbulsk\u00e9 \u00famluv\u011b, nikoli v \u010desk\u00e9m z\u00e1konu (viz \u010dl. 10 \u00dastavy \u010cR).<\/p>\n

\u00damluva sama stanovuje tak\u00e9 mechanismus monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed, jak signat\u00e1\u0159sk\u00fd st\u00e1t uv\u00e1d\u00ed jej\u00ed jednotliv\u00e1 ustanoven\u00ed do praxe. Monitoring prov\u00e1d\u00ed Skupina expert\u016f\/-tek proti n\u00e1sil\u00ed v\u016f\u010di \u017een\u00e1m a dom\u00e1c\u00edmu n\u00e1sil\u00ed (GREVIO), jako\u017eto nez\u00e1visl\u00fd odborn\u00fd org\u00e1n, a V\u00fdbor smluvn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f, jako\u017eto politick\u00fd org\u00e1n slo\u017een\u00fd z ofici\u00e1ln\u00edch z\u00e1stupc\u016f smluvn\u00edch st\u00e1t\u016f \u00famluvy. Tyto kontroln\u00ed org\u00e1ny p\u0159ij\u00edmaj\u00ed n\u00e1lezy a doporu\u010den\u00ed a p\u0159isp\u00edvaj\u00ed tak k tomu, aby ratifikace \u00famluvy nez\u016fstala pouze form\u00e1ln\u00ed politickou proklamac\u00ed.<\/p>\n

P\u0159istoupen\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 unie k Istanbulsk\u00e9 \u00famluv\u011b<\/h3>\n

V r\u00e1mci pravomoc\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 unie Evropsk\u00e1 komise ned\u00e1vno u\u010dinila n\u00e1vrh na p\u0159istoupen\u00ed Evropsk\u00e9 unie k Istanbulsk\u00e9 \u00famluv\u011b. Toto p\u0159istoupen\u00ed k \u00famluv\u011b znamen\u00e1 p\u0159ijet\u00ed z\u00e1vazku Evropsk\u00e9 unie k aktivn\u00edmu postupu v prevenci a pot\u00edr\u00e1n\u00ed t\u00e9to p\u0159etrv\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed formy poru\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed pr\u00e1v \u017een. A d\u00e1le pak toto p\u0159istoupen\u00ed u\u010din\u00ed Evropskou unii zodpov\u011bdnou za monitorov\u00e1n\u00ed procesu v oblastech evropsk\u00fdch pravomoc\u00ed. Tento akt bude m\u00edt skute\u010dn\u00fd vliv na \u017eivoty \u017een v Evrop\u011b, kter\u00e9 maj\u00ed pr\u00e1vo na \u017eivot bez jak\u00fdchkoliv forem n\u00e1sil\u00ed.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Sorry, this entry is only available in CZ.\u010cesk\u00e1 republika podpis Istanbulsk\u00e9 \u00famluvy ji\u017e n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t avizovala a n\u011bkolikr\u00e1t odsunula, a\u017e to za\u010d\u00ednalo vypadat, \u017ee k n\u011bmu nikdy nedojde. Ne\u010dekan\u00e9 se v\u0161ak stalo skutkem \u2013 JUDr. Emil Ruffer, velvyslanec \u010cR p\u0159i Rad\u011b Evropy, stvrdil v pond\u011bl\u00ed 2. kv\u011btna sv\u00fdm podpisem p\u0159ipojen\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky k \u00damluv\u011b Rady Evropy […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2150,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-778","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dejmezenamsanci.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/778","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dejmezenamsanci.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dejmezenamsanci.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dejmezenamsanci.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dejmezenamsanci.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=778"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.dejmezenamsanci.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/778\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":780,"href":"https:\/\/www.dejmezenamsanci.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/778\/revisions\/780"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dejmezenamsanci.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2150"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.dejmezenamsanci.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=778"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dejmezenamsanci.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=778"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.dejmezenamsanci.cz\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=778"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}